Dance Critique Essay

Late keep going Saturday day night, on April 14,2012, I went to the absolute first move show at John Anthony Theater at Collin College Spring Creek Campus. This show was performed by Collin Dance Ensemble, which is an energetic organization that performs imaginative contemporary current move. They will probably create move works at the most elevated level of masterful greatness. The move organization joins in and performs at the American College Dance Festival yearly and has been chosen for the Gala Performance at the territorial celebrations multiple times. At 7:30 pm, individuals began strolling in to the theater, only a couple of moments after, the crowd seats loaded up with the crowed individuals who come to help the artist, or possibly keen on move execution, and for the most part have â€Å"dance gratefulness fever† like me. After the presentation of executive, all the lights dimed down and the drapery slide up. The light concentrations in the proscenium stage where there are gathering of seven artists plunked down in the center of the stage prepared to perform. They began it off with the piece considered Friendships that was choreographer by the Chair of Dance Department and furthermore a chief of Collin Dance Ensemble, Tiffanee Arnold. Under the bearing of Tiffanee Arnold, Collin College’s Dance Program has gained notoriety for greatness in move training, movement and execution. Music is Sinking Friendships by Jonsi, this piece was somewhat exhausted to me as an amateurish crowd to truly comprehend the idea of all a spects of the story they attempted to tell. Not extremely clear, however I can call attention to a portion of the development of the artist depicted the picture of companionships, for example, clasping hands and move in hover as a gathering. What's more, it was expressive dance so I’m not intrigued. Outside point, the performance center was freezing cold. I attempt to focus to the exhibition to overlook the frigidity. The Time Between movement by Reyna Mondragon is one of my preferred bit of the show. There were a large number of intriguing parts, there were individuals stumbled into the phase to and fro while barely any others were shown the development of time. The move utilized running movement to make tick moves, it looked sort of cool to show the clock ticking. Through theâ music by Clint DiFranco, Welcome to Lunar Industries, this piece is current. I love the delightful way to change the speed every so often during the exhibition. They just went free-form in the peak of the melody; there were a great deal of running and strolling developments, bouncing, energizing and afterward they cut it out the moderate movement hit the dance floor with mood and ground-breaking moves. Individuals despite everything stumbled into the stage, as I would see it they state that doesn't make a difference what’s circumventing you, time continues running and life goes on. So far that night, one exhausted me and one stood out enough to be noticed to the show. Here comes the solo of Jake Harkey, the main male understudy in the gathering, performed Unseen Injuries by Tiffanee Arnold. This move is on the side of Collin College’s Center for Scholarly and Civic Engagement Book-In-Common: Soft Spots by Clint Van Winkle. And furthermore it was propelled by a few entries in the book, specifically: â€Å"But no one discussions about the psychological injuries. It is the inconspicuous injury that becomes lost despite a general sense of vigilance, drives individuals to drinking, squeezes mates, and makes sound men call the local group of fire-fighters for have indications. You are assume to turn around and forward-walk, disregard the war when you return home, take 800 mg of Motrin and continue like nothing at any point occurred. Be that as it may, how was I expected to give up when I was remembering it each day?† (p.137; C. Van Winkle). One officer, one individual stopped in the stage. He was on the fundamental preparing garments letting all the broad franticness off of his mind. He lifted the hands to attempt to connect a truth of harmony. Once in a while, he glance back at what he had done as a warrior and all the pictures of war return his brain. The worry outrage development was dynamic with the vocal sound. I can feel the torment through what he needed to tell. He utilized wide scope of room to show the falling and sorrow. He nailed the part awesome as an understudy. The one-foot stand come up to me as unbalance brain of a fighter in the war. Experiencing childhood in a nation had a long history of battling in war, I learn and see a great deal about the warrior that return from the war through reality and books. I can find in them not just the physical torment they had experienced yet in addition the otherworldly scar that the war had affected in them. I feel that is the reason this piece Unseen Injuries gets my aim the most. The fixation will followâ them for an amazing remainder. Story present day move depicted the sentiment of those officer had been yearly in war. The entertainer was accomplishment to convey feeling of a trooper after war. It would appear to be tragically they are regularly ignored affecting the harmed as well as their companions, families and more extensive networks. Those with mental injury can go undetected and it tends to be a long time before clinical treatment is looked for. Tiffanee has an incredible decision on music of Message in a Bottle: Nancy’s Letter. Goodbye Nancy by Ed Harcourt is sentimental and specific fit in the theme of this move. I see a great deal of moving on ground level to make the ocean scene. Delicate and adaptable are the word to depict their activities. The music enlivened me to more concentrate on the move. It speaks to the feeling of the primary character need to see her darling so gravely in separation relationship. What's more, she additionally is a very performer with piece Can’t Shake It. It got individuals fervor by their crazy move proceeds onward those feathery dresses. The crowds included myself were entirely agreeable in this melody. They demonstrated that they couldn’t shake most piece of their body from their trunk to head. Disgrace face and baffled developments uncovered to be embarrassed piece of their body couldn’t be shake. I think the artist additionally have a good time in such a piece. The entertainer are all undergrad so they were bit absence of flawlessness timing with one another and the consistent developments which required in most artful dance pieces. They were associated with the crowd emphatically in Scars, solid developments and ran toward downstage toward the end. I would they were accomplishment to give out the message of each piece to me as the crowd. Only a couple of was somewhat harsh to make sense of. I was conceived in 90s so expressive dance and jazz were not my sort of engaging move. It is tad a long way from my age. In any case, present day is progressively pleasant to me. I like to move quick with cadence particularly hit all the beat of the music is way cooler. I don’t know any of Jazz moves in there cause I can't tell. One thing I saw a great deal that the cutting edge and artful dance, those artists utilize a significant number of theme controls, for example, incorporative with the turn and bounce, reiteration, levels (ground, center, high jump),â rhythm was really the part that I focus the most. By and large the show was extraordinary to me. Couple piece I didn't comprehend what they attempt to state at all or I simply didn't be intrigued. Through all pieces by Tiffanee Arnold, I see that her movement consistently recount to a story along the move. There is continually something important and where it counts inside the presentation that she needs the crowd to see the piece and later on wary reasoning the foundation story.

Art To Bring Us Closer To The Truth Philosophy Essay

Craftsmanship To Bring Us Closer To The Truth Philosophy Essay Craftsmanship is a falsehood which carries us closer to reality Pablo Picasso As far as I can recall I have constantly adored craftsmanship somehow. I recall, on various events, sitting my dad down at the kitchen table and beseeching him to draw me a group of ponies, this comprised of mum and father and children running along behind attempting to make up for lost time. For quite a while I for all intents and purposes revered these photos and let the ponies run free in my creative mind causing them to go on huge undertakings with each other. As I got more seasoned the photos remained with me, yet I became off the beaten path they looked. They not, at this point burst out of the page and sprung up; they simply didn't look like genuine ponies any longer. Life had vanished from them. I guess I fell into the snare in which numerous individuals fall into. This snare could be called obliviousness. Numerous individuals accept that expertise is the most significant component in a bit of craftsmanship. They believe that canvases or drawings that look-genuine must be the best since they have required the most consideration from the craftsman. A few people say that these pieces are the genuine importance of craftsmanship. Obviously this is something to appreciate about a bit of work, yet does this imply compositions or drawings with less detail are less acceptable? Who is to state that these nitty gritty pictures are reality? Who is to state what in all actuality? So as to try this hypothesis I have taken two bits of work of art. Albrecht Durers Crab made in 1495 and Rembrandt van Rijns Two Studies of a Bird of Paradise. It is evident what amount of detail and time Durers watercolor of the Crab has taken however who was to state that the feathered creatures are less acceptable and required less ability? Rembrandts Birds make a mind blowing showing of depicting the surface and character of the Birds with just a couple of straightforward lines. He gets a handle on their curiousness and significant highlights of their countenances alongside the non-abrasiveness and great component of their bodies. The piece may not look as reasonable however it depicts the winged creatures qualities much better, something which could be viewed as depicting the genuine idea of the flying creatures instead of a genuine drawing. Another case of this are the Disney characters. Mickey Mouse looks in no way like a genuine mouse however the craftsman, Walt Disney, realized it is smarter to contort or change the manner in which the genuine article looked. This could have been to cause him to appear to be progressively similar to a mouse as a result of his additional qualities and increasingly pleasurable to look for a more youthful crowd. By making him less drab he has made him significantly more mouse-like. Despite the fact that Mickeys appearance is not normal for a genuine mouse by any stretch of the imagination, a contortion of reality, you don't see individuals whining about it. This is on the grounds that when watching a film or considering this specific craftsmanship, individuals are not stressed over workmanship as a work or piece, just a wellspring of diversion or delight. This could likewise be on the grounds that Walt Disney is a regarded and appreciated man who is viewed as an old style craftsman whos e work has been carried on for ages. However, on the off chance that a cutting edge craftsman were to attract something his very own way, much the same as Walt Disney once did, he would in all likelihood be disapproved of and thought unskilled. This leads us onto another piece. Pablo Picassos work of a hen and her chicks is a translation of a moms caring nature towards her youngsters. They way her body is bowed towards them and her delicate look shows that she is centered completely around her chicks and their prosperity. It truly is a work that numerous individuals would discover hard to scrutinize. Be that as it may, when Picasso made his piece Cockerel he was not happy with giving a real existence like angle to the image as he had finished with the hen and her chicks piece. Rather, he needed to get a handle on the flying creatures bellicose and silly nature. Picasso has taken a cockerel and transformed it into something considerably more chickeny than the genuine article. The entirety of the cockerels attributes are depicted in the piece so the passerby can nearly observe, contact, hear and feel what the winged creature would resemble, in actuality. This is the place the announcement Art is an untruth which carries us closer to truth comes into account. The piece Cockerel is a falsehood due to its bending of nature, it looks not at all like what a genuine cockerel resembles. Be that as it may, it carries us closer to truth, closer to what a genuine cockerel acts and acts like by its overstated highlights and comedic charms. In this work we can nearly hear precisely what the flying creature would seem like, when deciphering the piece; one would recommend his voice would be uproarious, wild and edgy. This is because of his protruding eyes, lengthened neck, his mouth opened to an enormous size and his little harsh tone standing out. The fly ing creatures distraction and awkwardness is proposed from his outstretched wings and pigeon-toed feet. His toes recommend an idea of scratching around and fast development demonstrating that he is everywhere. From Picasso depicting the cockerel to be this way, we can see the cockerel to be more similar to a genuine cockerel than if Picasso just drew one from life. We people have a propensity proposing that nature should consistently seem as though what is thought of, by us, to be ordinary in artistic creations. It should consistently appear as though what we are utilized to in our regular day to day existence; we are nearly constrained from a youthful age just to acknowledge plain and unsurprising shapes and hues as the right ones. A case of this is the manner by which we draw when we are more youthful. We are persuaded that a tree has one huge straight trunk and a round ragged bundle of leaves stuck on the top. We as a whole realize that no genuine tree resembles this, however in the event that it were drawn any extraordinary, it would be thought irregular. Another model is the way kids see stars. Stars are not star-formed at all as accepted however every kid will draw a star this way. This is additionally when workmanship is an untruth which carries us closer to reality comes into account also. Despite the fact that a star isn't formed this way, it despite everything gives a reasonable layout that the little star emits light; the stars hands acting like beams of light being radiated. In spite of the fact that this misrepresentation isn't really an awful thing, it would be better if everybody separated themselves from this snare and we take a gander at things over again, without obstruction. Truth be told, numerous specialists can separate themselves from this and take a gander at the world and the regular environmental factors as though they have never observed them. This implies they would be seeing everything just because. Who is to state that the sky is blue and mists are white? Actually, we would presumably discover things in the most shocking hues and structures. In the event that each individual was to think this way and each craftsman was not convinced or influenced by society, workmanship could never be viewed as a falsehood. For me, an untruth can be diverse for every distinctive individual, we as people have made falsehoods. An untruth is viewed as something which isn't reality, not typical. In this way, a bit of craftsmanship which doesn't depict the typicality of the world is consequently viewed as an untruth. However, on the off chance that there was nothing of the sort as ordinariness, there could never be such thing as an untruth. At that point we return to the inquiry; who is to state what in all actuality, and what a falsehood is? I guess the response to this inquiry is everybody. We as a whole have various suppositions on what is reality and what isn't, however on the off chance that we as a whole gander at things outside of the container and with open eyes, clearly we will have the option to acknowledge totally various things to what we are utilized to, to be typical. To finish up, I accept that aptitude isn't the most significant perspective in an artistic creation or drawing. On the off chance that a craftsman depicts what the individual in question needs to depict, it can't be viewed as an untruth. Besides, an untruth is something which changes as indicated by every person. Some may think something to be reality, while others may trust it isn't. Nobody truly knows without a doubt what is the right method of drawing or painting a specific article or structure. What's more, on the off chance that they demand that they do and express that individuals draw it wrongly in light of the fact that it isn't care for that in ordinariness, it just implies that they have been convinced by society and the individuals around them, just as the cliché of our own sense observation. A case of this is the way kids attract hearts heart-molded structure. Hearts are not so much formed this way, however it is the manner by which everybody realizes a heart to be drawn and isn't viewed as an untruth, yet it carries us closer to reality by giving us that a heart has different sides; a left and a correct side. This prompts organic clarification of what each side does, the correct side siphons blood to the lungs to be oxygenised and the left side siphons the oxygenated blood all around the body. The way that the heart shape shows a left and right side would not be apparent on the off chance that it was simply drawn as an oval-like shape. This is the means by which workmanship can carry us closer to reality regardless of whether it is a falsehood. TOK ESSAY Workmanship is an untruth which brings us closer to reality (Pablo Picasso). Assess this case corresponding to a particular work of art (for instance visual expressions, writing, theater). Alice Elphinstone Focus number: 002351 Up-and-comer Number: 026 Word Count: 1668

3 Key Factors in Healthy Relationships

3 Key Factors in Healthy Relationships June 24, 2019 Cavan Images/Taxi/Getty Images More in Relationships Spouses & Partners Marital Problems LGBTQ Violence and Abuse Dr. Sue Johnson, clinical psychologist and creator of emotionally focused therapy (EFT) for couples,  has found  three  key factors that relationships must have in order to be truly healthy. She notes that when couples are arguing with each other, and it is one of those blood-boiling kinds of arguments,  its not really about the dishes, the garbage, or even the money, as so many couples think it is.  When relationships are not secure  and partners are feeling disconnected from each other, any kind of content makes fair grounds for a fight. That content, however, is not what the fight is about. What they are really arguing over is the key question of are you there for me? Partners are asking each other Are you there for me? Johnson offers partners a road map to secure relationships through EFT to help them answer the question are you there for me affirmatively. She notes the three factors that must be present in order to answer yes to that key question and makes it easy to remember with the acronym A.R.E. The key factors in healthy relationships are: accessibility, responsiveness, and emotional engagement. If you wish to improve your relationship, start to focus on increasing  these A.R.E. qualities together. Accessibility The first key ingredient in  healthy relationships is accessibility. People need to feel as if their partner is accessible to them,  and their partner should be accessible.  In order to increase accessibility in your relationship, pay attention to your partner and be sensitive to whether it seems that they are trying to reach you. It can often be difficult to extend an olive branch in times of disconnect, so your partner might try to reach you after a fight but in a soft sort of way. Try to be open to that. It is also important to be available to just listen. So many times people just want to be heard by their partners, and they are longing for empathy, but they receive an unwanted solution. You can increase your accessibility by just listening and validating how your partner feels. It always feels good to be validated. Responsiveness The second key ingredient in healthy relationships is responsiveness. This one may seem obvious, but, Ill say it anyway. When your partner comes to you, respond. If you are actually unavailable because you are doing something else, let them know and reassure them that their concerns are important to you. Find a later time that you can come together to discuss the issue and actually honor that commitment. When partners start to ice each other out and do not respond to each other, they open their relationship up to all kinds of problematic possibilities. Instead, stay connected by responding. Emotional Engagement The third key ingredient in healthy relationships is emotional engagement. Emotions have not always been well understood, but more research is leading to an increased understanding of them. Johnson argues that love is really an emotional bond more than anything else, and research in neuroscience, psychology, and biology  seems to be backing up this claim, as she demonstrates in her book Love Sense: The Revolutionary New Science of Romantic Relationships. It is, therefore, crucial for partners to be emotionally engaged with each other. It is not only important to care about your partners emotional experience and be curious about it, but you should also let them know. The more emotionally engaged partners are with each other, the stronger their bond. Next time you get into one of those blood-boiling fights with your partner, stop, take a deep breath, and ask yourself what you are really fighting about. Chances are, you are both struggling to see if you are there for each other and how much you really matter to each other. Increase your accessibility, responsiveness, and emotional engagement with each other, and fights will start to be easier to overcome, as they will really just be about the dishes, the garbage, and of course the money. To find an emotionally focused therapist near you, the International Centre for Excellence in EFT has a listing of therapists by city, state, and country.

The Renaissance A Period of Awakening - 1854 Words

The Renaissance is known to many as the rebirth of society and the revival of classic learning. It opened the doors for new and improved ideas in writing, composing, and painting. This period of time effected society in many positive ways because of the newer advantages being made for the future to come. The literature, music, and art of the Renaissance had a great impact on society. The Renaissance literature expanded learning for individuals with manuscripts and poetry. Petrarch was an excellent example of an influence on literature during this time. Francesco Petrarch was especially important in poetry of the Italian vernacular because his poetry included courtly society and the common people. He is most known for his love poetry, other then his sonnets, which was most about his one true love, Laura (MacGregor 2). He became the first humanist in the Renaissance who understood the importance of classical literature. He had multiple manuscripts from ancient writers including Plato a nd Cicero. He influenced other people with his love for manuscripts. People wanted their children to read classics instead of studying law; Petrarch’s learning of Latin rubbed off on others as well (Myers 4). Petrarch had a modern feeling for the ruins of Rome and no one else seemed to match his feelings. Monuments in the ruins of Rome were being tore down or burned for other useful things and Petrarch saw something deeper then anyone else had at the time. Boccaccio, who was one of Petrarch’sShow MoreRelatedThe Renaissance Period836 Words   |  4 PagesThe Renaissance Period The term Renaissance comes from the French word rebirth. The Renaissance was a period of European history, considered by modern scholars that occurred between 1300 and 1600. Many dramatic changes happened during the Renaissance. The Renaissance was a period of new inventions and beliefs. 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R v. Brown 1996 - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2302 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Analyse how the House of Lords interpreted the word â€Å"use† in 5(2)(b) of the Data Interpretation Act 1984 in the case of R v Brown (1996) 1 ALL ER 545 Introduction The case of R v Brown, 1996, concerned two uses of a police force Computer by an officer, for the purpose of obtaining registration numbers of cars owned by the debtors of a collection company that was run by a friend of the officer. The police officer was a registered data user[1] and as such, he was prohibited under the Data Protection Act 1984 to ‘hold personal data’[2]. The charge was for the criminal offence[3] under s 5(2)(b) of the1984 Act, which stated that: â€Å"A person in respect of whom such an entry (an entry pertaining to the identity of registered data user) is contained in the registrar shall not†¦(b) hold any such data, or use any such data held by him, for any purpose other than the purpose or purpose descried in the entry†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In the original trial, the judge directed to jury to consider that the act of simple retrieval from the computer, coupled with the intention of utilizing the information for a purpose that had not been registered was enough to satisfy a conviction. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "R v. Brown 1996" essay for you Create order The Court of Appeal[4] rejected the initial convictions of attempt on the first count, and full commission of the crime on the second count. It was held that the term, â€Å"use† when interpreted with sole reference to its ordinary, everyday meaning, required that the offence could only be committed when more than mere retrieval of data had been done. It was therefore necessary to â€Å"do something to the data†¦Ã¢â‚¬  which meant that the case was decided entirely on the appropriate answer to the legal question, which was: â€Å"Whether the word ‘use’ in section 5 of the Data Protection Act 1984 should be construed so as to include processing the data so as to gain access to information stored within a computer without doing any further act with the information†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This paper analyses the decision reached by the House of Lords with regard to the interpretation of the word ‘use’. An account of both the decision of the court, as espoused by Lord Goff of Chieveley and Lord Hoffman and the dissenting ratio decidendi, as stated by Lord Griffith is given 1.The decision of the court (a)Lord Goff of Chieveley Lord Goff followed the line of reasoning of the Court of Appeal and stated that: â€Å"since the word, ‘use’ is not defined in the Act, it must be given its natural and ordinary meaning. Synonyms of the verb ‘use’ are ‘to make use of’ or to ‘employ for a purpose’.[5]† He then analysed the context of the word in relation to the specific item that was purported to have been used by ascertaining the sort of activities that would be regarded as ‘use’ of ‘data’. He ascertained from this analysis that the act of retrieval therefore did not constitute ‘use’ of the computer information but was a mere prerequisite[6] to that use. Further to this, with reference to the meaning of the word ‘disclos ing’[7], which also has no definition within the statute, Lord Goff made the crucial observation that: â€Å"†¦if the purpose of this provision had been to provide that, exceptionally, disclosure may occur after the information has been retrieved from the database, it would surely have been drafted in a different form; and a similar provision would have been made in respect of use†¦[8]† This statement directs towards an acceptance that the statute is clear on the matter of the intentions of parliament and Lord Goff arrived at this decision by referring exclusively to the ordinary and everyday definition of ‘use’ within the context of the provision within the statute. As well as analysing the equivalent provisions for the word ‘disclosing’, he also referred to other provisions within the 1984 Act, including part I of the Schedule, which stated that: â€Å"Personal data held for any purpose or purposes shall not be used or di sclosed in any manner incompatible with that purpose or those purposes.[9]† This provision clearly shows the word ‘use’ within a provision where there is clear protection by the law of data outside its electronic form, thereby showing the intention of parliament to criminalise subsequent ‘use’ of data after retrieval and inevitable transfer from the electronic format. This reasoning is based on the linear timescale of the criminal act of ‘use’ of personal data. There is first retrieval, followed by transfer from electronic form, analysis and application. If criminality were to be established exclusively at the point of retrieval prior to the transfer of the subject matter from data into information, it would therefore mean that all other subsequent steps would be irrelevant for the criminal law and Lord Goff pointed out that all unregistered retrieval by a registered data enterer would constitute a criminal act, whereas completion of a ll four steps by someone who is not registered, would not be criminal at all[10]. This in itself would lead to a great injustice of the law. In his analysis, Lord Goff referred to no other issues as, since there was no ambiguity following this literal interpretation, the analysis of other sources, such as Parliamentary Hansard, was wholly unnecessary. This is very much an embodiment of the literal approach to the interpretation of statutes, which has proved to be utterly essential for the purposes of ascertaining the meaning of words, as shown in the far earlier case of Fisher v Bell[11]which concerned the meaning of ‘offers for sale’ under s 1(1) of the Restriction of Offensive Weapons Act 1959. Here it was held that an offer could not be anything other than a binding contractual proposal to which an unqualified acceptance would constitute an obligation for the offeror to fulfil the offer. This therefore distinguished the ‘offer’ from the far more gener al ‘invitation to treat’ and, had the court stretched the meaning of ‘offer’ to include non binding invitations, the law of contract would have been badly distorted. (b)Lord Hoffman Unlike Lord Goff, Lord Hoffman rejected the arguments of the Crown in relation to the identification of retrieval as external to the application of acts within the meaning of use but instead stated that the acts of this particular case were in relation to use of the computer as opposed to the data. However, this was not the crucial point of his argument as he did state that this in itself would not preclude ‘retrieval’ being an acceptable element of the meaning of ‘use’. Lord Hoffman’s argument instead hinged crucially on the belief that the acts of the defendant fell in line with the definition of ‘processing’, which, under s 1(7) of the 1984 Act includes: â€Å"†¦extracting the information constituting the data†¦[12]† Lord Hoffman then stated that processing is entirely different from ‘using’ as there was no reference to it within the prohibitions of the 1984 Act, which means that the act of processing, as protected under principle 1 of the Schedule, did not constitute a criminal offence. Instead it was a civil breach that constituted a ground for removal from the registrar of authorised data processors[13]. Lord Hoffman therefore identified the intentions of Parliament as the creation of separate treatment for ‘processing’ and ‘using’ whereby the former was principle 1 (Sched) enforcement of data protection and the latter, as a ‘more extreme form of data processing’[14] was a criminal offence. This was therefore a clear departure from the difficulty of having to ascertain that something more than retrieval had to have been done to the information in order to constitute the criminal offence and is a simpler finding than tha t of Lord Goff as it denied existence of a gap in the law and established the differing treatment of the non-criminal punishments inherent in ‘processing’ 2.The dissenters[15] Lord Griffith Lord Griffith began in concurrence with Lord Goff by rejecting the submission of the prosecution in the Court of Appeal, who had made a crucial distinction between the concept of data as ‘electronically readable’ subject matter that, when translated into text on the screen, became the wholly distinguishable ‘information’ that was intelligible to the human mind. The result of this shift in the designation of the subject matter from ‘data’ to ‘information’ is that it is not protected by the 1984 Act[16]. His departure from the Lords who dismissed the appeal was simply that the word ‘use’ should be given a ‘broad construction’ and he rationalised this finding by pointing out the clear weakening of the protective powers of the 1984 Act. His reasoning was that the enactment of the 1984 Act was for the primary intention of ratifying the Council of Europe Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to Automatic Processing of Personal Data.[17] With reference to Article 1 of the Convention, Lord Griffith stated that the retrieval of information, to be displayed in a screen, constituted an invasion of privacy as the display was illegitimate. He further believed that extension of the meaning of ‘use’ to illegitimate display and retention for potential dissemination in the future would by no means constitute a stretch of the definition of ‘use’ but also accepted the difficulty that prosecution would face in having to prove the actual way in which information would be utilised following retrieval. 3.Feedback (a)The approach of the court As regards the methodology of the House of Lords in its interpretation of the word â€Å"use† ther e were two distinct poles of thought. The first was seen in the opinions of Lord Goff and Lord Hoffman who both realised that questions of law that pertain to verbal meaning must be approached from the point of view of establishing an answer based on statutory definitions or, in absence of such guidance, the nearest possible definition that will ensure the fundamental requirement of certainty in the law. For vocabulary, this certainty is maintained by utilizing the ordinary and everyday meaning of words. The second pole of thought, as utilised by Lord Chieveley, looked towards the teleological side of statutory interpretation and ascertained that the intentions of parliament, as to the meaning of a statute, was the key method for assurance of the legal goal of equity and Lord Chieveley used the very reason for enactment of the 1984 as the embodiment of the Parliamentary intention to create a right of privacy against illegitimate displays of data under the European Convention. (b)Was the decision correct? This case is a primary example of an obvious disparity between the common sense approach of the layman and the judicial predicament of verbal anomalies that force the wrong decision as far as justice is concerned. The question to therefore ask is, was the House of Lords simply over literal in its interpretation of the word â€Å"use† or were they right and, as a result of their correct actions, revealed a gap in the law that had been created by careless wording of the statute? It is this latter notion of the ‘gap in the law’ which Earl Russel refers to in his parliamentary feedback to the case[18]. The appropriateness of the House of Lords cannot be blamed for finding itself forced to follow bad law. Statutory interpretation, for the purpose of obtaining the correct decision as required under current law is the primary role of the judge, regardless of the construction of that law. Their job is most certainly not the task of inte rpreting the law in order to meet the most equitable decision[19] unless of course the area of law has no governing statute and there are no clear precedents from which to draw the correct answer. As for Lord Hoffman, it is clear the same priority of statutory analysis was utilised in his decision but his more favourable reasoning denied a gap in the law for a jurisdiction such as the United Kingdom that, at that time, did not possess any Human Rights legislation and was therefore under no national obligation to interpret legislation in light of concepts of privacy[20], as was done in the teleological approach of Lord Chieveley. Conclusion The approach of Lord Hoffman was the correct interpretation of the statutory provisions at the time in which the case was decided but Human Rights Law has now fundamentally changed the approach of the courts whereby affected legislation can now no longer be decided on the basis of verbal distinctions. Bibliography Legislation Restri ction of Offensive Weapons Act 1959 Data Protection Act 1984 Human Rights Act 1998 European Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to Automatic Processing of Personal Data 1981 European Convention of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 1951 (As contained in the schedule of the Human Rights Act 1998) Case Law R v Brown [1996] 1 ALL ER 545 Fisher v Bell [1960] 1 QB 394 and Others v Woolwich Building Society (Thompson) [1997] SC (HL) 66 Governmental Publications Parliamentary Hansard, 13 Mar 1997 : Column 438 Footnotes [1] As described under s 1(2) of the 1984 Act [2] s 5(1) [3] The offence is deemed to be criminal under s 5(5) [4] R v Brown [1994] QB 547 [5] R v Brown [1996] 1 ALL ER 545 at p 548g [6] ibid at p 549a [7] Which appears under s 1(9) of the 1994 Act [8] ibid per Lord Goff at p 549h [9] Referred to by Lord Goff at p 550b [10] ibid at p 550f-h [11] [1960] 1 QB 394 [12] Referred to by Lord Hoffman at p 560h of the judgement. [13] Per Lord Hoffman at p 560j [14] Per Lord Hoffman at p 561b [15] Lord Januncey of Tullichettle also dissented but merely concurred with Lord Chieveley. See the judgement at p 555h [16] All the judges of the House of Lords rejected this premise, see also ibid per Lord Hoffman, at p 558h [17] Cmnd 8535, Annex A [18] Parliamentary Hansard, 13 Mar 1997 : Column 438 [19] See the bad result in the case of Sharp and Others v Woolwich Building Society [`997] SC (HL) 66 [20] Since enactment of the Human Rights Act 1998, it is now the duty of judges to interpret legislation in line with the rights set out under the European Convention of Human Rights

Psycholgy Free Essays

The Individual nerve cell, comprised of the axon, dendrites, and cell body. 2. Many neurons In the nervous system? 0 86 billion 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Psycholgy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Function of cell body, dendrites, and axons. O Cell body: Contains the nucleus and other major components. O Dendrites: How Branch out from the cell body and receive messages from other neurons. O Axons: Carries messages away from the cell body to the dendrites. 4. Define popularization/ deportation, o Popularization: Resting state of neuron, semiprivate. Deportation: Stimulated state, neuron is no longer mostly negative on the inside. 5. How do neurons fire? O Sodium ions pump in, depopulating the axon, before the popularization returns. 1. What is a neuron? O The Individual nerve cell, comprised of the axon, dendrites, and cell body. 2. How many neurons In the nervous spite? deportation. O The individual nerve cell, comprised of the axon, dendrites, and cell body. 2. How many neurons in the nervous system? O Sodium ions pump in, depopulating the axon, before the popularization returns. How to cite Psycholgy, Papers

innovation technology Essays - Group Processes, Social Psychology

The importance of peer relationship on development is that the life of children peer influence and friendship becomes different as he or she become more mature. In addition, children that lack the skills to structure a close or fulfillment relationship with his or her peers should be a concern to parents as well as teachers. On the other hand, these children lack opportunities to learn social skills which are of great significance or value in every part of their lives. Especially critical are the skills require to cause a process or action to begin and keep social relationship as well as settle social conflict, compromise, and tact Asher (1982). In other words, children that lack a continuous peer emotional or personal association with someone will miss the opportunity to construct a sense of social self-confidence. Likewise, these children have created no faith within his or her own talent that enables him or her to achieve success. In addition, these children are easily defeated by the ups and down of social interaction. The future implication of these children social and profession adjustment are predictable and lacking in subtle. In addition, social development is enhanced because a child learns to conform to established social standards outside of his or her home setting. The expectations of the larger society are reinforced. To become autonomous the child must also learn to achieve independence from the family, especially parents. Making and keeping friends are essential to children?s positive social development, so important that children without friends by the primary years are considered at risk for overall school success Bullock(1993). What Parents need to know about Peer Relationship ?Peer Relationship in early years oCentered around school-age children oDislike and negative perceived ?Determinants and consequences of early peer difficulties oPhysical attribute oSpeech problems ?Shyness oIdentifying these behaviors early and assessing whether or not they lead to later difficulties may help in preventing peer relation problems later on Bissonnette, Catherine Micahel (2006). Starting Out Early: What Parents Need to Know About Peer Rlationship retrieved on September 10, 2011 from http.www. education .com How Can Parents Help Help children recognize his or her own needs Increase children awareness of his or her social goals and the goals of others. Help children develop effective social skills teach children to recognize others? emotions and intentions reflect with children on how his or her behavior effects others by pointing out what is predictable on his or her interactions highlight children success by helping them learn to monitor his or her behavior avoid telling children who his or her friends are There are various types of software available that will decrease the time on computer for internet sites most visited (chat room included). For this reason, there are many young females and males that are lured away form home because of chat room.. References: Asher, S. R., P. D. Renshaw, and S. Hymel. "Peer Relations and the Development of Social Skills." In THE YOUNG CHILD: REVIEWS OF RESEARCH. VOLUME 3, edited by S. G. Moore and C. R. Cooper. Washington, D.C.: National Association for the Education of Young Children, 1982. Retrieved on September 9, 2011 from http// www.ericdigests.org/pre-923/peer.htm Bissonnette, Catherine Micahel (2006). Starting Out Early: What Parents Needto Know About Peer Relationship retrieved on September 10, 2011 from http.www. education .com

Ordinary People essays

Ordinary People essays The novel Ordinary People explores how the heart and mind recover from afflictive losses. The author Judith Guest depicts how a tragedy can change lives drastically and even tear families apart. This novel illustrates how people deal with such emotional stresses differently, healing slowly but surely. The death of Jordan Jarrett affected the Jarrett family greatly. Calvin, his father, was one who dealt with the situation the best. He had been orphaned at a young age, so he had already dealt with the loss of his mother. When he was eleven, he learned the association of the word loss with death (pg. 49). He was more understanding and cooperative with his family that mourned. He knew the things that would comfort them, just as he had once needed comfort in his life. The death had a different impact on the mother, Beth. She went into what seemed like a state of denial. She hid her feelings from everyone and kept trying to give the impression that nothing happened and nothing was wrong. Cal once noticed this about his about his wife Beth before they had separated, there is an addiction here; to secrecy; to a private core within herself that is so much deeper than he ever imagined it to be (pg. 253). The death changed the way the once happily married couple acted towards each other; so much that they could no longer stand living with each other. Still, there was clearly still a strong bond between them. Conrads life took a turn for the worse after the loss of his brother. He was so overwhelmed with the feeling of depression, guilt, and loss that he tried to commit suicide. Luckily he survived and spent the next year trying to recover in a hospital. He thought to himself on Christmas day, only a year and a half, still it is a long time to discover that you are still in shock, still the infant stages of recovery (pg. 124). Eventually he went back to school, had a g ...

How the Compromise of 1850 Helped Delay the Civil War

How the Compromise of 1850 Helped Delay the Civil War The Compromise of 1850 was a series of five bills intended to stave off sectional strife that passed during  Millard Fillmores  presidency.  With the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo at the end of the Mexican-American War, all the Mexican-owned territory between California and Texas was given to the United States. This included parts of New Mexico and Arizona. In addition, portions of Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, and Colorado were ceded to the US. The question that arose was what to do with slavery in these territories. Should it be allowed or forbidden? The issue was extremely important to both free and slave states because of the balance of power in terms of voting blocs in the US Senate and House of Representatives.   Henry Clay as Peacemaker Henry Clay was a Whig Senator from Kentucky. He was nicknamed The Great Compromiser due to his efforts at helping bring these bills to fruition along with previous bills such as the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and the Compromise Tariff of 1833. He personally owned slaves which he would later free in his will. However, his motivation in passing these compromises, especially the 1850 compromise, was to avoid the Civil War. Sectional strife was becoming more and more confrontational. With the addition of new territories and the question of whether they would be free or slave territories, the need for a compromise was the only thing that at that time would have averted outright violence. Realizing this, Clay enlisted the help of Democratic Illinois Senator, Stephen Douglas who would eight years later be involved in a series of debates with Republican opponent Abraham Lincoln.   Clay, backed by Douglas, proposed five resolutions on January 29, 1850, which he hoped would bridge the gap between Southern and Northern interests. In April of that year, a Committee of Thirteen was created to consider the resolutions. On May 8th, the committee led by Henry Clay proposed the five resolutions combined into an omnibus bill. The bill did not receive unanimous support. Opponents on both sides were not happy with the compromises including southerner John C. Calhoun and northerner William H. Seward. However, Daniel Webster put his considerable weight and verbal talents behind the bill. Nonetheless, the combined bill failed to win support in the Senate. Thus, the supporters decided to separate the omnibus bill back into five individual bills. These were eventually passed and signed into law by President Fillmore.   The Five Bills of the Compromise of 1850   The goal of the Compromise bills was to deal with the spread of slavery to territories in order to keep northern and southern interests in balance. The five bills included in the Compromises put the following into law: California was entered as a free state.New Mexico and Utah were each allowed to use popular sovereignty to decide the issue of slavery. In other words, the people would pick whether the states would be free or slave.The Republic of Texas gave up lands that it claimed in present-day New Mexico and received $10 million to pay its debt to Mexico.The slave trade was abolished in the District of Columbia.The Fugitive Slave Act made any federal official who did not arrest a runaway slave liable to pay a fine. This was the most controversial part of the Compromise of 1850 and caused many abolitionists to increase their efforts against slavery. The Compromise of 1850 was key in delaying the start of the Civil War until 1861. It temporarily lessened the rhetoric between northern and southern interests, thereby delaying secession for 11 years. Clay died of tuberculosis in 1852. One wonders what might have happened if he had still been alive in 1861.

Describe climate and soil classifications, using raw data and thematic Essay

Describe climate and soil classifications, using raw data and thematic maps - Essay Example The main objective of this study is to evaluate the usefulness of landsite, thematic mapper to help in soil classification in Johannesburg in South Africa. Climate system is based on the location of hot and cold air-mass region and the atmospheric circulation created by trade winds in wester-lies. South Africa soil classification is based on the location and the kind of climate being experienced and the location of the place. Thematic mapper (TM) scene from the Johannesburg, in South Africa, mapped with the soil taxonomy system becomes the preferred city of attention. In that case four sensing approaches were created to determine the best method to identify soil mapping-units. They were named as simple, technical, scaled and complex approaches. The agreement to use the TM data was tested using the matrix approach in a supervised classification, where spectral signatures were selected by separability analysis and applying the transformed divergence technique. The table fully describes the entire approaches that were utilized by the climatologists to obtain their data. The statistical accuracy and the data reduction of a thirty years span makes technical approach of obtaining data the most appropriate in this situation. Monitoring and assessing the state of earth and its climate is the key requirement to the global change research. Managing climate and vegetation, requires a lot of study that is much complex than that of soil classification. The classification and mapping of vegetation is a time consuming process and it takes scientist and experts for accurate data to be relied upon. The use of Koppen climate classification system is the most widely used for classifying world climate in both a simple and complicated manor. Classification system use today was developed from the one introduced by the Russian-German climatologist Koppen in 1900. He divided Earth’s climatic regions to generally coincide with world pattern of

My Philosophy of Education Leadership Personal Statement - 1

My Philosophy of Education Leadership - Personal Statement Example Proper administration and leadership of schools becomes important in this perspective. To be specific, according to the 21st century view point, there are certain values which a school administrator should follow in order to ensure that the education is being imparted properly and also to make sure that the knowledge lines are kept up to date. The leader of a school must have a clear picture about the educational system and he must be able to provide the environment for effective impartment of knowledge to the students. The proverb says, â€Å"Leader knows the way and leader shows the way.† In other words, the administrator must be able to properly guide the teachers so as to ensure the proper learning of the pupils, and, at the same time, he must be a source of positive vibrations for the students. He must be able to encourage them to learn their topics well and to teach them to pursue their own good careers. He must be dedicated to inculcate a good character in every pupil while making one a knowledge-rich person. There is an opinion that â€Å"the practice of educational leadership is a form of philosophy in action, that is an area of philosophical practice† (Codd, 1989, p.157). The administrator should have a clear picture about what is being taught and how things must be taught. Proper knowledge in these areas is essential to impart education in a proper way. You can guide someone only if you know the right way. Therefore, thorough knowledge about the curriculum becomes an essential requirement as far as a school administrator is concerned. He should also have subtle knowledge about modern teaching methodologies which inevitably incorporate technology in education. The administration and staff of an educational institution must work as a team in order to provide proper knowledge to the children. The administrator must be keen in enhancing the skills and subject knowledge of the teachers and keep them updated. Seminars and workshops should be arranged

Dignity in Care for Adults with Learning Disabilities

Dignity in Care for Adults with Learning Disabilities The primary aim of the proposed research is to analyse the meaning, perceptions and quality of dignity in healthcare with respect to adults who have learning disabilities in the United Kingdom and study the range of healthcare services available for adults with learning disabilities. Specific Objectives To assess challenges of access, inclusion, choice, attitudes and legislation faced by adults with learning disabilities in healthcare. To determine whether dignity in care for adults with learning disabilities exists in reality as proposed and promoted by the UK Department of health or not. To understand and compare the types of health care services offered and available to adults with learning disabilities. To analyse the quality of healthcare provided to adults with learning disabilities in the United Kingdom and inequalities faced by them. Methodological Details The primary method that will be utilised in this research is based on systematic literature review whereby observations are made on the basis of data accessible in the respect of people with learning disabilities. Literature search will include key words such as about learning disabilities dignity and type of services offered and available for them in the United Kingdom. This method is implemented in this research because it would definitely be helpful because of various reasons identified in the proposal. The relevant literature will be gathered from various sources including journal articles, research reports and books. Ethical Issues Confidentiality and privacy of individuals participating in a research is quite important especially if the research topic is quite sensitive as the case is with dignity in care for adults with learning disabilities. The researcher needs to understand and realise the seriousness of ethical issues and considerations in such a research. Although there is a danger of participants being named or personal information being compromised, the approval from the ethical issues committee is not necessary, as the proposed study will only present a systematic literature review of the data already accessible by public. Relevance to Practice The entire research would be quite useful in enhancing the level of dignity in adults who are suffering from learning disabilities in United Kingdom. However, one of the major points that should be focused by different agencies and social workers would be how fast and effectively they can implement all these processes. Moreover, significant research has been carried out in this regard from different perspective and from different researchers but the reviewed literature shows several gaps in the standards laid down by different government health authorities and the current practices related to dignity in health care of adults with learning disabilities. Introduction: Dignity is a broad and complicated notion that can be used in legal, religious, bioethics, scientific and political contexts with different meanings. The term dignity signifies that a person has a birthright of being respected and treated morally and ethically by others. Dignity implies that people should be treated in such a manner that they feel their value and worth as individuals within the societal context (Soulen and Woodhead 2006). Dignity can be elevated and alleviated by several factors in a healthcare facility. These factors include the facility culture, surroundings and environment, attitudes and behaviour of caregivers and the practice of care being carried out in the facility. People feel more comfortable, confident and in control for making various decisions on their own in the presence of dignity but if there is a lack of dignity they may feel discomforted, devalued, embarrassed and humiliated (Weisstub and Pintos 2007). Dignity is concerned with how people feel, think and behave in relation to the worth or value of themselves and others. To treat someone with dignity is to treat them as being of worth, in a way that is respectful of them as valued individuals (RCN, 2008). As dignity creates a sense of comfort and control, it is quite important that caregivers in medical institutions realise the importance of dignity while giving care to adults with learning disabilities. The proposed research will analyse the literature associated with dignity in care for adults with learning disabilities in the United Kingdom. The study Aim: The primary aim of the proposed research is to analyse the meaning, perceptions and quality of dignity in healthcare with respect to adults who have learning disabilities in the United Kingdom and study the range of healthcare services available for adults with learning disabilities. The Study Objectives: To assess challenges of access, inclusion, choice, attitudes and legislation faced by adults with learning disabilities in healthcare. To determine whether dignity in care for adults with learning disabilities exists in reality as proposed and promoted by the UK Department of health or not. To understand and compare the types of health care services offered and available to adults with learning disabilities. To analyse the quality of healthcare provided to adults with learning disabilities in the United Kingdom and inequalities faced by them. The following section of the research proposal will discuss the literature as methods and methodology used to achieve the research aim. As it is systematic literature review in general and as it used to this study in research particular. Methodology: Research methodology is an important aspect through which researches are conducted. A research methodology will actually depict that what is the appropriate approach of conducting a research and which research strategy will be applied in this research. In the similar manner it would also depict that which data will be collected for the research and how it will be collected. This entire research would focus on learning disabilities with adults and the issue of dignity will also be addressed in this research. The main objective of this research is to understand the issues of meaning, perceptions and quality related to learning disabilities and how dignity of these individuals is affected. The primary method that will be utilised in this research is based on systematic literature review which is useful for several reasons such gives a genuine, clear idea about the issue being studied. This method is implemented in this research because it would definitely be helpful because of several reasons. First and the foremost reason is that it would give a clear about the issue that is being studied. Wolf (2008) presented an idea about that systematic literature review that philosophy of science, development of health related materials etc can be analysed through systematic literature review. In the similar manner it gives a genuine and a clear idea about the issue that is being studied. Through this approach findings can be properly analysed and systematic literature review helps the researchers in the decision making process. Wolf (2008) believed that through this approach the information that is collected for this research can easily be summarised. The benefits of this approach would be that past researches can easily be utilised and this would definitely reduce the cost of researching. Another important factor for choosing this approach is the benefit of time that is at tached with systematic literature review. According to Britton and Jonsson (2004) systematic literature review is actually a cost effective approach for conducting a research. Both the researchers agreed with Wolf (2008) that generalisation and collection of data in this approach is quite simple and easy as compared to other approaches. Therefore, it can be said that because of these benefits this approach of systematic literature review is selected for this research. Ethical Considerations: Ethics is the term used for differentiation of right over wrong, good over evil and signification of justice or equality in the general behaviour or actions of individuals in a society (Hinman 2007). Confidentiality and privacy of individuals participating in a research is quite important especially if the research topic is quite sensitive as the case is with dignity in care for adults with learning disabilities. The researcher needs to understand and realise the seriousness of ethical issues and considerations in such a research. Although there is a danger of participants being named or personal information being compromised, the approval from the ethical issues committee is not necessary, as the proposed study will only present a systematic literature review of the data already accessible by public. The information collected in the proposed research will only be used for research purposes and real identities will be replaced by codes or false names when required. The following sect ion provides an analysis of literature relevant to the research topic that will be used in the proposed research. In this research proposal, there is no need to seek the prior approval of the research ethical issues committee because the study will be beleaguered to summarise the related literature only. All the subjects included as a part of the literature review and studied / observed are free from any such biases. This research does not use any kind of personal information of patients or people suffering from learning disabilities and hence there is no incidence of violation of rights on moral or ethical grounds. Study of the Literature: According to The UK Department of Health (2001) learning disability is a combination or collection of several disabilities and disorders. These disabilities may include disability to understand new information or skills, impaired function in society and an onset of any disability that started before adulthood and had a lasting effect. Learning disability or intellectual disability also referred to as learning difficulty in the United Kingdom is quite difficult to explain as it covers a broad collection of disorders or disabilities that people may face. These disabilities include but are not limited to challenges in processing information, understanding written or spoken language and other challenges that may affect quality of life (Corley and Taymans 2002). This notion by Corley and Taymans (2002) is backed by Turnbull and Chapman (2010) who suggest that people with learning disabilities face several problems in understanding and processing complex information and face challenges in developing new skills. These descriptions of learning disabilities indicate that adults with such disabilities may have difficulties in processing information in several social circumstances including healthcare. This implies that adults with learning disabilities will have a higher degree of healthcare needs as opposed to people with no learning disabilities at all. McGrath (2010) argued in an extensive literature review that people with intellectual disabilities have greater healthcare requirements as compared to the general population. While explaining the nature and intensity of these healthcare needs he argues that the health care needs of people with intellectual disabilities are more complex in comparison with the general population and can result in premature death, which could otherwise be prevented through effective care. This argument by McGrath (2010) is also backed by several other researches conducted in the context of healthcare needs of people with learning disabilities (Michael 2008; Leyshon et al. 2004; Cooper, Melville and Morrison 2004; Paxton and Taylor, 1998; Nocon, Sayce and Nadirshaw 2008). Gaskell and Nightingale (2010) also agree with McGrath (2010) regarding the greater healthcare needs of people with learning disabilities. They suggest that healthcare needs of adults with learning disabilities tend to be higher in comp arison to the general population due to a variety of reasons including visual and hearing impairment, challenges in mobility, heart conditions, diabetes and osteoporosis. The greater needs for healthcare of adults with learning disabilities are also perceived by caregivers as Vecchio, Cybinski and Stevens (2009) in their study analysed the effect of disability on needs of caregivers. They implemented descriptive statistics and regression analysis to conclude that caregivers of adults with disabilities indicated that they required assistance while providing care to such adults. It was also concluded in the study that the needs of adults with learning disabilities were even greater than the needs of adults with physical disabilities with respect to healthcare (Vecchio, Cybinski and Stevens 2009). Adults with learning disabilities face several challenges with respect to societal factors including unethical treatment, abuse, undue pressure in interpersonal communication and biasness from the general population due to their specific disability (Slater 2005). Slater (2005) argued that the most prominent challenges with respect to societal factors in healthcare were neglect, poor treatment and abuse by caregivers. He argues that adults with learning disabilities have every right to dignity in life as the general population and should not be subject to abuse due to a specific disability. The Department of Health (2001) provides a clear strategy regarding treatment and care of elderly people especially when they face challenges due to learning disabilities. The recommendations presented by Slater (2005) are in line with the department of health framework with respect to poor treatment and abuse. The framework clearly outlines that dignity should be a top priority in healthcare where people should be treated in an ethical, moral and respectful manner. The importance of dignity and equality in healthcare services is iterated by another report of The Department of Health (2002) by implying the importance of fair access to care services irrespective of age and any disabilities a person may have. Philp (2007) recommended that dignity in care should not be an afterthought and caregivers should understand and realise the importance of dignity in healthcare of adults with learning disabilities. He suggests that caregivers are very busy and they need to incorporate dignity into the overall framework for providing care. In his study, Philp (2007) emphasised the need for treating adults with respect and integrity while giving them a sense of freedom and control over their actions and behaviour. He concluded that there are various forms of abuse and caregivers need to provide care with thorough understanding and realisation of dignity in care of adults with learning disabilities (Philp 2007). Holland (2000) on the other hand, analysed how ageing affects people with learning disabilities with respect to social, psychological and biological issues. He argued that adults with severe learning disabilities faced more challenges in later parts of life with respect to services as compared to adults without any disabilities. He concluded in his study that gaps were present in the healthcare and social services provided to learning disabilities and the standards established by the department of health (Holland 2000). This implies that albeit healthcare providers may focus on providing the most effective quality of services but improvements can still be made to make the quality of services more effective especially with respect to dignity in care. Batesa and Davis (2004) in their study of social inclusion and services for people with learning disabilities presented several societal challenges faced by adults with learning disabilities. These challenges include hindrance in local community participation, perceptions of general population, problems in safety and trust, limited access to social networks and limited access to services being offered. The study indicates that these challenges are faced by adults with learning disabilities mainly due to the perceptions of community and general population with respect to these people. The research concludes that social capital concept provides an effective model for services that focus on promoting social inclusion of adults with learning disabilities (Batesa and Davis 2004). The concept of social capital, which is based on social networks, and standards of trust and reciprocity Batesa and Davis (2004) can also be implemented in healthcare for adults with learning disabilities for bet ter outcomes. Health care services are of utmost importance to individuals who are suffering with different learning disabilities. McGrath (2010) believed that people with learning disabilities needs health checks to monitor the discrepancies they have. Annual health checks is a type of health care service that is offered and available to adults with learning disabilities. Usually, people who are facing these difficulties are less likely to receive continuous screening and they have less frequent routine checks. That is the reason why annual health checks should be offered by different health care institutions so that they can benefit from it in both the short and the long run. However, a concern is that whether these health checks are needed or not because if they are not viable enough so there is no need to have an exercise that would engage them in such activity. Albroze (2005) discussed that these annual health checks are very important because they assist the patients in every aspects and peo ple who are suffering from these difficulties can gauge that what is their current situation. People who have learning disabilities usually live in communities and they have the right to access different mainstream health care services. Deshler, Schumaker and Bulgren (2001) discussed that individual importance should be given to people who are suffering with learning disabilities and this can be considered as a health care service. Nurses should be effectively trained in this regard and they should help the individuals who are facing learning difficulties. These researchers also believed that equal health care services should be provided to patients who are suffering from learning disabilities. In the similar manner disability awareness should be given to them in different regards like trainings and workshops should be organised so that they can easily benefit from these activities. Certain special health care services should be allotted to those individuals that have complex and special needs (Bergmark, Parker, Thorslund, 2000). In the similar manner, certain action plans should be developed for this cause so that all these health care services would be implemented in a proactive manner. Besides certain annual che cks individuals suffering from learning disabilities should be offered regular checkups. This will provide an equal opportunity to learn about their health and they can lead a happy and a prosperous life. Certain picture-based books should be provided to them so that they can learn how they can face different complex situations (Deshler, Schumaker and Bulgren 2001). Emerson, Davies and Spencer (2005) analysed that learning disability in adults is a condition that is quite long lasting. A survey showed that about 62% of all the people who are suffering from this disability live with their parents or with their relatives. Similarly, 30% of the people especially adults live in certain form of residential care or they live with people who are also suffering from learning disabilities. However, only 7% of the people live with their partners or they live alone. There are different inequalities faced by adults when they are receiving health care facilities. Michael (2008) believed that at times people receive unequal health care treatment and this can be considered as an important issue for people who are providing learning disabilities and for those who are accessing it. People that are facing learning difficulties are not always offered the same level of services and treatment as the general population. People and health care service providers assume certain things when they are dealing with individuals facing learning disabilities (Kuntz, Minnes, Garcin, Martin, Lewis, Holden, 2005). In the similar manner the routine health care services received by these adults over the year in the United Kingdom is patchy too. Finally, people who are suffering from learning disabilities as not served and perceived as a priority (Michael 2008). Cooper, Melville and Morrison (2004) believed that people who are facing learning difficulties face unequal atmosphere. They are not treated as equal citizens in many conditions and this creates a sense of inequality in them. People with learning disabilities are discriminated in the society and there are different health care professionals who do not understand much about learning disabilities. In the similar manner many professionals in the society are not familiar with the laws associated with capacity to consent. There are certain professionals who are aware with this scenario but most of them do not consult the family of these individuals who are suffering with learning disabilities (Corley and Taymans 2002). Individuals that are suffering with learning disabilities may not understand the significance and importance of health care screening or it is highly probable that they may not recognise the symbols of ill health. This factor might create issues for the carers in both the s hort and the long run. Therefore, people with learning disabilities should be dealt with extreme care and the level of dignity should be maintained so that they can lead a healthy and a prosperous life. Summary: The primary aim of the proposed research is to analyse the issues related to dignity in healthcare with respect to adults who have learning disabilities in the United Kingdom and study the range of available healthcare services. This primary aim will be accomplished by achieving several underlying objectives. All the researches that were analysed in the literature review depict that adults with learning disabilities face several challenges especially with respect to dignity and they should be dealt with extreme care. There are certain discrepancies and difficulties in this regard and there should be a proper equal approach adopted to care for adults with learning disabilities. It was also stressed in this research paper that dignity of these individuals is the main issues and once the dignity of these individuals are present they can live with self respect in the society. Relevance to Practice: The entire research would be quite useful in enhancing the level of dignity in adults who are suffering from learning disabilities in United Kingdom. However, one of the major points that should be focused by different agencies and social workers would be how fast and effectively they can implement all these processes. A significant amount of research has been conducted in this regard but the reviewed literature shows several gaps in standards laid down by government health authorities and current practices. The proposed research will be helpful in filling these gaps. The proposed research would be beneficial for adults who are facing with learning disabilities and it would be beneficial for caregivers who are planning to implement these processes.

La Lodge and Entr’acte

I think that the poem entr'acte describes the painting very well. It brings across the feelings of the two people in it in a very good and sensitive way. Firstly the title of the poem -‘entr'acte' makes the poem sound elegant and impressive, or even sophisticated. The title means in between acts which describes the painting very well because she is just sitting there and he has his eyes on things completely away from the stage. Entr'acte also sounds a bit like ‘attract' so maybe that has something to do with it. At the start of the poem it says ‘the cuff links whispers to the glove, such elegance and all for love' I think in These lines the man speaking and he is saying to himself how elegant he is in his suit, (maybe he is being vain) and he how has done it all for love, maybe the love of the woman sitting in front of him or maybe the women he is looking at through his binoculars. Then in the second stanza ‘the glove confesses to the glass, oh how slowly five acts pass.' I think that it is the woman speaking about herself and how slowly five acts pass. Maybe the five acts pass slowly because she is not interested in the performance and is bored or maybe it is because she is waiting for the end so she can get away and do something else. In the first line of the third stanza, ‘the glass is lifted to the eye' I think this maybe the poet speaking, doing a running commentary of what is going on. On the second line of the stanza,' Show me a tear I cannot dry' I think this is the glass speaking about how the woman might be crying inside. She might be crying in the inside because the man is horrible to her or maybe because she just does not want to be there. Its like she's crying inside but is holding herself together so she doesn't show it. In the first line of the forth stanza ‘The eye shows nothing to the eye' I think this means that if you look at someone you cant judge them by what they look like because you cant see what they are like inside. In the second line ‘such elegance and all for art' I think It could be the man talking and saying that she was there displayed in the front of the box just for show. To say to the other people there that yes he could have a beautiful woman, or she could be there to make other woman jealous. Maybe the line means something completely different and the poet is saying ‘such elegance'- because they are all dressed up in beautiful clothes, and ‘all for art'- because In the end the people in the picture were probably there just to pose for the artist to paint them. In the painting it has the woman at the front of the picture- is this just so the man can show her off or is it because he is being a gentleman and letting her sit in front so she can see better. He is sitting at the back his could because if he looks up at other woman in the audience she won't be able to see. She is also wearing flowers by her face and breast as if to draw attention to these features. Her face is fixed, and her eyes especially make her look sad inside as if she is trying to put on a show, to hide her emotions in public. Her lips are bright red maybe for love, anger, passion or lust. Her dress is black and white stripes like a prisoners clothes, maybe she's trapped by the man behind her from freedom. Overall I think that the man behind her is using her to show of to the woman he is maybe looking at in the audience. He has dressed her and himself up in very exquisite and elegant clothes just for the show and to make him look wealthy. I think she is sad and upset that she is trapped as a model for him and is bored by the whole performance; she not very interested in it and probably wants to be somewhere else.

Who Else Is Lying to Us About Toulmin Essay Samples?

Who Else Is Lying to Us About Toulmin Essay Samples? The most important thing all writers must keep in mind whilst writing this type of essay is to use the very first person tone. When you have gathered ideas on this issue, you have to properly place your thoughts into words. Your very first job is picking a topic. When you have decided the use of the paper, it's time to spot your audience. Sometimes, two proceedings that seem connected in regards to time might not be associated. The two of these structures are normally used. As is true with all kinds of writing, there's nobody right approach to organize or structure an argument. This kind of argument works well whenever there are no clear truths or absolute solutions to an issue. The truth is that same-sex marriages are very similar to the typical heterosexual marriages. It's instead more of the usage of marriage for a weapon to resist against the homosexuals. Just by the simple fact that homosexuality goes against that which we believe in does not signify that it's going to be harmful to the total course. To the contrary, the same-sex marriages perception is that they're illegal, though they are consistent with the rights of people involved. Finding the opportunity to go to school whilst playing sports is such a fantastic thing for an individual's future. This has caused new means of studying the family, including the same-sex partners. The key consideration to bear in mind is that you wish to go for an argument structure that operates well for your situation, meeting the demands of your audience together with your goals as a writer. Look at a nonsmoker in his own house. The prevalence of the web has resulted in an increase in plagiarism amongst students. For instance, you could possibly be interested in knowing more about traffic issues in america. Every individual in the USA should have access to federally-funded medical insurance. Such an essay has to involve plenty of research to be able to acquire factual and correct info. Quite frequently, the very best topic is one which you truly care about, but you also will need to get ready to research it. Following that, you must research that topic to be able to specify the topic's scope, therefore it can be readily discussed in 1000 word essay. If you aiming a great score and stick out in your class, you can practice on the wide variety of essay outlines available on our principal site. Well, you're not the just one. I am quite pleased with the work which he or she did! You should observe the next outline. Therefore, there may be other aspects which influence the specific benefits in school. There are hundreds and hundreds of studies that have shown again and again, no matter the population studied, the quantity of persons involved with the study and the kinds of exercises examined, that exercise does have a positive influence on overall wellness. Yes, they have been done on this too and they show that the outcome and the time it takes to achieve the desired result depends on how often exercising is done, for how long and the types of exercise done. These studies have been so extensive they have delved deep into the kinds of exercise and how much is required for the a variety of health benefits. Failure to know the all-natural climate change will ensure it is impossible to counter the issue of global warming. As soon as it's essential to note you should continue in your search for resources and support throughout this procedure, even as you locate source material, you can start to take into consideration how you intend to bring your ideas and your sources together into a clear, organized method. Not every kid will suffer from a number of the things but there's a chance that a few of the children will and with the effects I have discussed it wouldn't be a risk I am prepared to take. By way of example, write about animal testing and the demand for more laws to stop it. If you are searching for Toulmin essay idea, below are some fantastic topics you can test out. Following that, the last portion of the introduction section should talk about the thesis statement of your essay. Such an essay also presents facts and figures citing it by credible sources so the reader is convi nced. It involves a variety of essays such as cause and effect essay. Thus, they require recognition. It is of amazing value to look after the unborn. To begin with, you will opt for a subject of interest.

Concept Of Risk In Construction Industry - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 15 Words: 4524 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? 3.1 General risks The meaning of risk changes when time goes on and the meanings differ when they are at the specific socio-cultural and historical contexts which we are located in. (Deborah Lupton, 1999) Risk is exposure to the possibility of economic or financial loss or gain, physical damage or injury, or delay, as a consequence of the uncertainty associated with pursuing a particular course of action (Cooper, Chapman, 1987).According to Cornelius Keating, risk is not the present problem which should be immediately addressed, but it is considered as future issues that can be avoided or mitigated. Risk is considered as a situation which may lead to negative consequences. Generally, six major categories of risk can be identified as the most important concerns for the majority. They are: Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Concept Of Risk In Construction Industry" essay for you Create order Environmental risks, including pollution, radiation, chemicals, floods, fires, dangerous road conditions and so on; Lifestyle risks, which related to the consumption of such commodities as food and drugs, engagement in sexual activities, driving practices, stress, leisure and so on; Medical risks, which related to experiencing medical care or treatment. Such as drug therapy, surgery, childbirth, reproductive technologies and diagnostic tests; Interpersonal risks, related to intimate relationships, social interactions, love sexuality, gender roles, friendship, marriage and parenting; Economic risks implicated in unemployment or under-employment, borrowing money, investment bankruptcy, destruction of property, failure of a business and so on; and Criminal risks are those risks emerging from being a participant in or potential victim of illegal activities.(Deborah Lupton, 1999) 3.2 Risks in Construction Industry 3.2.1 The Concept of Risk in Construction Industry The construction industry experienced a wide variety of risks which may occur in financing, designing, constructing and managing facilities of a project. There are different definitions of risk in construction industry. In order to understand the process of risk management, it is important to understand the basic concept of risk in all aspects. The international standard à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Project risk management à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Application guidelinesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? holds the theory of probability and consequence and defines risk as a combination of probability of an event which is occurring and its consequences to project objectives (IEC 2001). Ward and Chapman (2003) have made a broader definition of risk and suggest using a more general concept of uncertainty. They argue that risk is considered as threats but not opportunities and when it occurs it affects the project performance. Edwards (1995) points out that risks have a negative impact on the projectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s cost, qual ity or time in most situations. These definitions have a common feature: they define risk in terms of uncertain events and may have positive or negative impact on a projectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s objectives. According to An (2010), risk interpretations can be considered as the following: The same as the word à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"hazardà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ The consequence of an unwelcome outcome or failure Chances of achieving a given outcome Signifies danger Taking a chance in an activity An (2010) argues the term risk can be defined in the two components: the probability of occurrence of the risk and the magnitude of the consequences if the risk happened. And the relationship is written in the formula: Risk = consequences x probability. The general trend of risks is shown in the figure 3.1 below. When the probability of occurrence is high, the consequences of risks seem to be low and vice versa. Risks with major or severity consequences rarely happen, but risks which are or have low consequences tend to happen frequently. Figure 3.1: Consequences versus probability trend (An, 2010) As mentioned above, the equation seems to be simple, however, the most important thing is to understand and calculate the probability of occurrence and the severity of consequences and express those using numbers. 3.2.2 Risk Classification Project risks can be categorized in a number of ways by considering the level of detail or a selected viewpoint. (Anna Klemetti, 2006) Categorizing risks will do help in identifying risks. According to the study of National Economic Development Office, construction risks can be broadly grouped in the following categories:   Technical Risks include poor design, inadequate site investigation, and uncertainty over the source and availability of materials and appropriateness of specifications. Logistical Risks include availability of resources such as construction equipments, spare parts, fuel and labour and availability of sufficient transportation facilities. Construction Risks include uncertain productivity of resources, weather or seasonal implications and industrial relations problems. Financial Risks include inflation, availability and fluctuation of foreign exchange, delay in payment, repatriation of funds and local taxes. Political Risks include constraints on the  availability and employment of expatriate staff, customs and import restrictions and procedures, difficulties in disposing of plant and equipment and insistence on using of local firms and agents. Both Smith (2006) and An (2010) argue that all project risks can be divided into three main categories: known risks, known unknowns and unknown unknowns. The difference between the categories is the decreasing ability to predict or foresee the risks. Table 3.1 presents a brief explanation about these three categories of risks. Table 3.1 Categories of risks (An, 2010) Known risks Including minor variations in productivity and swings in material costs. These occur frequently and are an inevitable feature of all construction projects. Known unknowns Including the risk events whose occurrence is predictable. Either their probability of occurrence or their likely effect is known. Unknown unknowns Those events whose probability of occurrence or their likely effect is unknown. Risk resources can also be divided into four elements: trivial, expected, hazard and risk management. Events with a low impact are not serious and can be divided into the elements of trivial and expected. For the high impact and low probability, these events are hazards which might occur but are too remote to be considered. (An, 2010)Taking into consideration of the probability of the occurrence and the consequence for project objectives, those events that have high probability and high impact are subjected to risk management. Figure 3.2 shows the classification of risk resources. Figure 3.2 Classification of risk sources (Smith, 2006) The causes of risk are various and depending on the size, complexity, novelty, location of the project as well as on the speed of construction and political or commercial plan. Long-term projects are thought to be more risky because the possibility of something going wrong is bigger to appear and the need for immediate plans of action that allow change is fundamental. The sources of risk are presented in Table 3.2. Table 3.2: Sources of risk (Thompson, Perry, 1992) Source Example Client, Government, regulatory agencies Bureaucratic delays, changes in local regulations Funding, fiscal Changes in government funding policy, liaison between several funders Definition of project Change in project scope Project organisation Authority of project manager, involvement of outside bodies Design Adequacy to meet need, realism of design programme Local conditions Local customs, weather windows Permanent plant supply Degree of novelty, damage or loss during transportation Construction contractors Experience, financial stability Construction materials Excessive wastage, quality, delivery Construction labour Industrial relations, multi-racial labour force Construction plant Resale value, spares availability Logistics Remoteness, access to site Estimating data Relevance to specific project availability Inflation Exchange rates Force majeure It is important to use the table as the first step in risk assessment process in order to identify all the relevant risks of the construction project. By identifying all the construction risks in the early stage of risk assessment process, successful risk management can be achieved. Failing to identify risks in the risk identification stage is a hazard to the risk management process. (Perry and Thompson, 1992) Moreover, risks can be classified based on the ability of the project to control them. A separation of risk as a local, global and extreme is based on the controlling ability of project parties on risks. As a result, this method helps to identify 80% of the risk, the last may not be worthwhile looking for, and a few of these risks could not be reasonably foreseen. (Smith, 2006) Figure 3.3 shows the hierarchy of identified risks. Figure3.3: Hierarchy of identified risks (Smith, 2006) Project parties have to manage the manageable risks by the settled frame and prepare to accept the challenges of the unmanageable risks. The preparation can reduce the losses caused by the unmanageable risks. Besides, some global risks can be reduced for sure. Categorization of risks would definitely help to identify risks. No matter what method is used to identify the risks, it is important that risks should be identified and assessed carefully, which is even more important in the early stages of the project since it will affect the decision making of the project participants. 3.2.3 Importance of Risk Management in the Construction Industry Change is inherent in construction work. When an uncertain event occurs, it will impact some of objectives such as the cost, schedule, and quality of the project. Construction projects often have a poor performance due to a lack of reasonable risk management process. (Liu Renhu, 2005) Many projects fail to meet deadline or cost and quality targets. As a result, risk management becomes an important part of construction management. Risk management intends to identify and manage those potential and unforeseen problems that might probably occur during the project implementation. And also, it tries to identify as many risk event as possible minimize their impact on the project, manage the responses to those events that are probably to materialize, and provide contingence funds to cover risk event that actually materialize. The essential purpose of risk management is to improve project performance via systematic identification, appraisal and management of project related risks. The focus o n reducing threats or adverse outcomes, which we might call à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"downsideà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ risk, misses a key part of the overall picture. (Chapman, Ward, 2003) Changes cannot be eliminated, however, by applying risk management in project construction participates are able to improve the construction management. The benefit of risk management can be concluded as follows: Project issues are clarified, understood and considered from start; Decisions are supported by thorough analysis; The definition and structure of the project are continually monitored; Clear understanding of specific risks associated with a project; Build-up of historical data to assist future risk management procedures. (An, 2010) 3.2.4 Project Planning The control of time cannot be affected insulation from resources and costs. Project planning methods should consider the communication with all the parties in a project in order to identify sequences of activates and draw attention to potential problem areas. Careful and continuous planning contributes to successful construction project. Sequences of activities will be defined and linked to a time-scale to ensure that priorities are identified and efficient use of expensive or scare resources. However, since the uncertainty occurs during construction, the plan will always change and it must be updated quickly and regularly in order to maintain the most efficient way of completing the project. In developing a controlling plan, it is vital to distinguish between different categories of change and to fully instigate the formal aspect of the project. (An, 2010) All the parties and resources involved in construction have influences on project plan. However, project plan will change when uncertainty occurs. The purpose of planning is to persuade people to perform tasks before they delay. A framework of decision making in case of change occurs should be included in project planning. (Smith, 2006) 3.3 Risk Management in the Construction Industry 3.3.1 Risk Management strategy Both client and contractor are concerned about the projectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s risk allocation. Generally, the client or the project owner has an overall risk management strategy and policy included in the strategic documents and quality management system. Risk management strategy is shown in figure 3.4. Management of project risk Figure 3.4 Risk Management Strategy (Smith, 2006) The most important issues which the project owner concerned in risk strategy are risk ownership and risk financing. Risk ownership is explained as which party owns the risks and risks expose and transfer. Risk financing can be explained as how to include and use budget of risk allowance or contingency. The participants make decisions, which affect the responsibilities of the parties, to define the organization and procedures of a project. (An, 2010) It influences the construction, commissioning, change and risk of a project and this is how it affects the construction processes. (Smith, 2006) 3.3.2Process of Risk Management 3.3.2.1 Introduction Risk management is one of the most critical project management practices to ensure a project is successfully completed. (Chapman, 1997) The goal of risk management in construction industry can be stated as following: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“To be competitive in meeting the clients specifications with solutions that are cost-effective at an acceptable level of riskà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (An, 2010). To successfully achieve the goals in any projects, the following four aspects need to be met: Competitiveness Specification Cost-effective Risks It is important to consider the four criteria as a whole. There are two major objectives managing risk: one is to avoid the downside risks and the other is to exploit opportunities. Risk management is a process of defining the need for identifying, estimating and evaluating risks in order to control them at an acceptable level. (An, 2010) The risk management system is shown is figure 3.5. Figure 3.5 risk management frame work (An, 2010) Four aspects are involved in risk management, which are hazard identification, risk assessment, risk reduce or risk response and emergency preparedness. These will be introduced in the following paragraphs. 3.3.4.2 Hazard Identification Hazard identification is the first step of the risk management process. It is aimed at determining potential risks which may affect the project. Ideally, all the potential risks and hazards should be identified when the decision is being made so that the participants can deal with before they occur. However, although prevention is better than cure, no risk management system can identify all the risks and hazards in advance. (Martin Loosemore, 2006) In this way, hazard identification needs to be carried out carefully in order to reduce the potential risks in the project. As the first step of risk analysis, hazard identification is the most important one as it helps to identify the potential risks whose effects act as an impediment to the project, and this process will also help with risk mitigation and control. A general definition of hazard is stated as following: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A hazard is an undesirable outcome in the process of meeting ant objective, performing a task or engaging in an activityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (An, 2010). The undesirable outcome of a hazard could involve: Injury to personnel Damage to property Pollution to the environment and A combination of all the above (An, 2010) Risk identification is one of the most important steps of risk management because it makes the risks clearer. As a result, Chapman (2001) points out that the success of later risk management phases is directly affected by the quality of the identification phase. Risk identification procedure identifies and categorizes risks that could affect the project. This procedure includes discovering, defining, describing, documenting and communicating risks before they become problems and affect a project. (Barati, S.,  Mohammadi, S., 2008) Risk identification is a tool for identifying all the significant sources and causes of risk and hazards in a project. Numbers of methods and techniques are used in identifying the project risks (IEC 2001), including brainstorming, expert opinion, structured interviews, questionnaires, checklists, historical data, previous experience, testing and modelling and evaluating other projects. Perry (1992) points out the most popular methods of hazard identification. They are: Checklists prepared by experienced people that are involved in the project. Brainstorming sessions where groups of people are trying to come up with potential risks through conversation and exchange of ideas. Historical data of previous similar projects that can assist in the portraying of risks. Interviews of key participants of the project or experts involved with it. These techniques are to provide a systematic approach for identifying potential hazards in construction industry. (An, 2010) Empirical studies of risk management practice (Lyons, Skitmoreà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’2004) show that the checklists and brainstorming are the most useful techniques in risk identification. And they also point out that risk identification often rely on individual judgments of the project participants. Another method applied for the identifying risk events is the HAZOP study (Hazard and Operability). This is a technique using à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“guide-wordsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? in order to study deviation from the design objective of a project and its elements. (An, 2010) A helpful action would be to group the risks and separate them into specific categories after the first stage of risk identification. This would benefit the risk assessment process by applying a suitable technique to each category and furthermore in the selection of a risk management response for each type. (An, 2010) in construction industry three main types of hazards which need to be taken into account are the followings: Management Hazards: Associated with management and organizational issues, such as policy, commitment of funds for training, and the project of specific equipment and schedules to be met. Commercial Hazards: Arise from commercial considerations, and particularly associated with decisions on spending. A typical example is the selection of a less expensive material that just meets the minimum standard required instead of opting for the more expensive item with huge specification and a track record of high quality. Sometimes a contract is accepted as a cost below the desired level, and savings have to be made in order to complete the work. This in turn may lead to potential hazards due to commercial factors. Time Hazards: Many projects need to be completed by an agreed date. Delays due to the factors such as late delivery of materials, unforeseen production difficulties or failure to meet specification would affect the ability to meet deadline. As a consequence of failure to meet the deadline, it could affect future contracts and disrupt the schedules. All these events can be considered as hazards or time hazards. Each project has different associated hazards, which differ from various technology or organizations or anything else applied in the projects. A checklist of construction hazard drivers is shown: Financial Hazards Legal Hazards Political Hazards Social Hazards Environmental Hazards Communications Hazards Geographical Hazards Geotechnical Hazards Construction Hazards Technological Hazards Demand/product Hazards(An, 2010) After hazard identification, the potential hazards can be listed and grouped. Then, risk assessment method can be applied to build the risk level. 3.3.4.3 Risk Assessment Once risks have been identified, they must then be accessed. The sources of risks should be identified first, and then the effects of the risks should be assessed or analyzed. Risks can be assessed either using a quantitative or qualitative analysis. (Thompson, Perry, 1992) Qualitative Methods: The first step of the qualitative analysis is also the first step of risk assessment risk identification, which is described above as the first step of risk management. Then, an assessment of the probability of occurrence and impact of the risks should be taken out. Qualitative risk assessment usually includes the following issues: A brief description of the risk The stage of the project when it may occur The elements of the project that could be affected The factors that influence its occurrence The relationship with other risks The likelihood of its occurrence How it could affect the project (Smith, 2006) Using qualitative methods is the first step of risk assessment. Then, a quantitative assessment is only for the risks whose further information is required. These risks are usually serious and can jeopardise the project. Quantitative Methods: According to Barrow (2007), there are four reasons why risk should be managed: to minimize delays, to reduce cost, to improve return on investment, to increase the number of opportunity. Possible consequences of risk occurring are defined and qualified in terms of: Increased cost such as additional cost above the estimate of the final cost of the project Increased time such as additional time beyond the completion data of the project through delays in construction Reduced quality and performance such as the extent to which the project would fail to meet the user performance based on quality, standards and specification. (Smith, 2006) Several methods can be used in risk assessment and risk metrics method is going to be introduced. Risk metric is a two-dimensional presentation of likelihood and consequences using qualitative for both dimensions, event modelling is a systematic way to identify accident scenarios and quantify risk. (Ayyub, 2005) Estimating the probability and impact of risk in simple scales, such as from 1 to 5 or from high to low, is the most common way, and boundaries can also be numerically defined. Risk can be characterized by probability and consequence, and examples are given in table 3.3 and table 3.4. Probability of Occurrence Scale Descriptor 1 Rare 2 Unlikely 3 Possible 4 Likely 5 Almost Certain Table 3.3 Probability of Occurrence (An, 2010) Rating of consequences Scale Descriptor 1 Insignificant 2 Minor 3 Moderate 4 Major 5 Severe Table 3.4 Rating of consequences (An, 2010) As mentioned in pervious paragraph, Table 3.5 shows that risks can be allocated in three regions. Table 3.5 Risk Matrix (An, 2010) Consequence Probability 1 2 3 4 5 5 Tolerable Tolerable Intolerable Intolerable Intolerable 4 Negligible Tolerable Tolerable Intolerable Intolerable 3 Negligible Tolerable Tolerable Tolerable Intolerable 2 Negligible Negligible Tolerable Tolerable Intolerable 1 Negligible Negligible Negligible Tolerable Tolerable And this can also be replaced by two curves, as its shown in figure 3.6. Figure 3.6 Graphical presentation of risk regions (An, 2010) During risk assessment, identified risks are evaluated and ranked. The goal is to prioritise risks for management. The assessment of the risks leads the hazards to be classified in a region, which would determine the importance (risk level) of each hazard, and the possible regions are the intolerable, tolerable or the negligible region. Figure 3.7 shows the risks listed in the appropriate regions. Figure 3.7 Output of risk assessment element (An, 2010) The risks are allocated in three regions, after that, the risks should be selected the risk response to them. 3.3.4.4 Risk Response Once the risks are identified and assessed, the next step of the risk management procedure is to response to these risks. The nature of the response depends on the decisions made by the management team. In order to respond correctly, the team has to process the information available for the risk. There are two types of responses to risks: immediate response and contingency response. The immediate response mitigates or eliminates the risks through alterations of the project plan. The nature of contingency response is preparing a plan for an alternative course of action and implementing it when the risk arises. (An, 2010) There are four basic ways of responding to risk and they are risk retention, risk transfer, risk reduction and risk avoidance. In order to effectively manage a risk, it is necessary to adopt a combination of strategies to treat it. The selection process can be iterative until the most effective treatment strategy is developed. (Smithà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’2006) Avoidance: Risk avoidance deals with the risks by eliminating the risks through changing the project plan or certain features. Another way of risk avoidance or reduction is re-design or changing the method of construction. (Perry, Hayes, 1985) However, there are only a few situations this response can be used. Reduce: Risk reduction aims at reducing the probability and consequences of a risk event. The measures should be taken with consideration of the value for money. Reducing the level of risks could raise the cost. Only when the value of the reduced risk is beyond the cost it caused, this method can be taken. Risks can be reduced by: Obtaining additional information Performing additional tests/simulations Allocating additional resources Improving communication and managing organisational interfaces(An, 2010) After risk assessment, hazards are allocated in the intolerable, tolerable and negligible regions. There are some guidelines for risk reducing. Hazard in the intolerable region: risks in this level should be eliminated or cost-effective cannot be achieved. As a result, the project should be considered for abandoning. Hazard in the tolerable region: to reduce risks in this region, two aspects should be considered. One is whether the risk is close to the intolerable region, the other one is whether it is a cost-effective reduction process. It is better to reduce the risk no matter how expensive it might cost in dealing with the first situation. For the second consideration, it is better to reduce the risk and checking carefully of its allocation. Hazard in the negligible region: it is recommended that these hazards should be left alone, since they are not worth to reduce. (An, 2010) Transfer: Risk transfer is to transfer risks from one party to another. This would happen between parties in a project or between one party in the project and one outside. (An, 2010) Some contractual obligation can also be used as risk transfer method, because no one is willing to accept a risk without any form of compensation. Generally, it is better to transfer the risks to the parties who can best control them. Acceptance or Retention: If the other methods fail to adequately or fully treat the risk, the project has to be prepared to accept the risk or any residual risk remaining after some initial treatment. The party which is holding a risk may be the only one that can manage the risk or accept the consequences. If the risk is under control of this party, the likelihood of happening or minimise the impact of the risk could be reduced. It is possible for a risk to have a number of potential treatment equally suitable but varying in cost. The selection of a final treatment must be made as cost-effective. The cost of managing the risk should be commensurate with the benefits obtained. The risk response process is directed at identifying a way of dealing with the identified and assessed project risks. Risk reduction is the most frequently used technique within the construction industry. Managing the risks of a project is a rather difficult task. Choosing any form of treatment may itself expose the project to additional risks. In this way, attention should be paid to ensure that the treatment strategy does not expose the project to greater risk than what the original risk was designed to treat. 3.3.4.5 Emergency Preparedness Even when the pervious risk management processes have been well applied, accidents happen occasionally. The goal of emergency preparedness can be concluded as the following: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“To be prepared to take the most appropriate action in the event that hazard becomes a reality so as to minimise its effects and, if necessary, to transfer personal from a location with a higher level to one with a lower risk level.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?(An, 2010) Regarding the management of risk, an emergency preparedness is the preparation of contingency plans and courses of action in case the risk arises during construction. The emergency preparedness could also be an alternative course of action prepared as a contingency plan. 3.4 Conclusion Risk management intends to identify and manage those potential and unforeseen problems that might probably occur during the project implementation. And it could identify as many risk event as possible, minimize their impact to the project, manage the responses to those events that are probably to materialize, and provide contingence funds to cover risk event that actually materialize. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Precaution is better than cure.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? The same principle can be applied to risk management which should be a proactive approach rather than a reactive one. Risk management is a preventive process to ensure that negative impacts are reduced and that harmful consequences associated with undesirable events are minimized. Generally, the risk management process should include: risk identification, risk assessments, risk response and emergency preparedness. Once risk has been identified, they must then be accessed on their potential severity of loss and the probability of occurrence. The n through the following stages such as risk avoidance, reduction, retention or risk transfer, the risks can be dealt with and its impact can be decreased to a certain extent.